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Dunyā (دُنْيا) is a word in Arabic (also Persian, Dari, Pashto, Bengali, Punjabi, Urdu, Hindi, Turkish and loanword in Malay language and Indonesian language dunia) which means the temporal world—and its earthly concerns and possessions—as opposed to the eternal spiritual realm, or the hereafter (ākhira).[citation needed] Dunyā literally means 'closer' or 'lower'. In the Qur'an, dunyā and ākhira represent oppositions in temporal, spatial and moral dimensions: now and later, below and above, evil and good, respectively.[citation needed] Two Qur'anic ayat (verses) illustrating these points are:
- "Ordain for us the good in this world [al-dunyā] and in the hereafter [al-ākhira]." (Surah Al A'râf 7:156)
- "You are my friend in this world [al-dunyā] and the next [al-ākhira]." (Surah Yusuf 12:101)
Muslims are encouraged in the Qur'an 47:24 to ponder the verses of the Qur'an itself, and to do their best to not get too attached to this temporal existence and its trappings. In Islam, dunyā is a test; success and failure lead to paradise and hell respectively Quran 57:20.
Modern Usage
It is colloquially and in print used to describe a particular world, such as Dunia Islam, or refer to the world (Earth) in general, e.g. Dunya in Turkish.
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